PSG has now claimed the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in Kuwait and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the showdown featuring the French league champions and the Coupe de France holders after the French winger opened the scoring early on.
However, Marseille fired two times late to take a shock lead. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial leveler in the final seconds to send the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving crucial attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all scored with composure for PSG to complete a 4-1 penalty win.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.